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Spatial Analysis Of COVID-19
District YSR(Kadapa), Government of Andhra Pradesh
-Shreya,
Student of AGSRT
Introduction:
The COV/D-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COV/D-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and later a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 8 April 2021, more than 133 million cases have been confirmed, with more than 2.89 million deaths attributed to 2.COV/D-19, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history.
Symptoms of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from none to life-threatening illness. The virus appears to spread quickly among people, and more continue to be discovered over time about how it applies. The virus can cause a range of symptoms, ranging from mild illness to pneumonia. Signs of the disease are fever, cough, sore throat, and headaches. In severe cases, difficulty in breathing and deaths can occur. The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it is essential that you also practice respiratory etiquette. The virus spreads mainly through the air when people are near each other. It leaves an infected person as they breathe, cough, sneeze, or speak and enters another person via their mouth, nose, or eyes.
It may also spread via contaminated surfaces. People remain contagious for up to two weeks and can spread the virus even if they are asymptomatic. Recommended preventive measures include social distancing, wearing face masks in public, ventilation and air-filtering, hand washing, covering one's mouth when sneezing or coughing, disinfecting surfaces, and monitoring and self-isolation for people exposed or symptomatic.
Several vaccines have been developed and widely distributed since December 2020. Current treatments focus on addressing symptoms, but work is underway to develop therapeutic drugs that inhibit the virus.
The pandemic has resulted in significant global social and economic disruption, including the largest global recession since the Great Depression. It has led to widespread supply shortages exacerbated by panic buying, agricultural disruption and food shortages, and decreased emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases. Numerous educational institutions and public areas have been partially or fully closed, and many events have been cancelled or postponed. Misinformation has circulated through social media and mass media. The pandemic has raised issues of racial and geographic discrimination, health equity, and the balance between public health imperatives and individual rights. This pandemic is the defining global health crisis of our time and the most significant challenge we have faced since World War Two.
Study Area: Kadapa City
Geographical details of Kadapa City:
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Kadapa is a city in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the Rayalaseema region, and is the district headquarters of YSR Kadapa district. As of the 2022 Census of India, the city had a population of 466,000, a 2.42% increase from 2021. It is located 8 kilometres south of the Penna River
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The latitude of Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India is 14.477234, and the longitude is 78.804932.
Source:
An electronic health record (EHR) is the systematized collection of patient and population electronically stored health information in a digital format. These records can be shared across different health care settings. Records are shared through network-connected, enterprise-wide information systems or other information networks and exchanges. EHRs may include a range of data, including demographics, medical history, medication and allergies, immunization status, laboratory test results, radiology images, vital signs, personal statistics like age and weight, and billing information. The Electronic Health Record (EMR) software was specifically created to fully accommodate all aspects of clinical workflow, including storage, retrieval, and modification of digital patient records plus prescription writing, clinical annotation, ordering laboratory and imaging tests and viewing test results.
The Electronic-health-record software aids in interoperability for patient record sharing between physicians, hospitals and pharmacies and offers a very mature EMR solution. EMR helps with continuity of care by connecting all members of the care team throughout the healthcare cycle which improves care quality. If all members of a patient's care team can connect about a patient's health (from primary care doctor, to specialist, and beyond); consequently, hospital readmissions are reduced leading to better value. Utilizing a certified, interoperable electronic medical record system enables continuity of care, which provides practices with a means to thrive within a value-based care model and enables practices to receive reimbursement.
Methodology & Data Cleaning
Data cleaning is a critical step before loading data into any decision support system or GIS for spatial analysis. In this project, we received the data from 3 different Electronic-MedicalRecordsystems.
Methods to Prevent:
Total COVID-19 vaccine doses administered 2.21bn
Percentage of total population vaccinated with at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine In INDIA is 74%.
Methods to Prevent Corona:
What is the RT-PCR Test ?
The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test is also known as the RT-PCR test. It is a gold-standard test for diagnosing viral diseases like Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 virus infection.
Radius of Corona:
Contact Tracking system
Contact tracing aims to identify and alert people who have come into contact with a person infected with coronavirus
Smartphones can be used to quickly and automatically determine whether somebody has been in contact with an infected person.
Geospatial big data refers to spatial data sets exceeding the capacity of current computing systems. Having information on human mobility patterns from mobile phones, or the registration of global flight networks, is fundamental to epidemiological modelling. Using big data could help us to understand the pandemic's behavior in terms of outbreak tracking, disease treatment, and future vaccine manufacture and distribution.
With the rapid spread of COVID-19, many hospitals and health systems were faced with the possibility of sudden surges in patient volume, stressing limited resources and increasing the burden on staff. To better plan for these potential surges, organizations have implemented predictive tools that can help allocate resources. From the business perspective of the Healthcare organization, the spatial analysis of the data of COV/D-19 helps in decision-making and planning. It also helps to improve the locating of health services and controls, and points of care. It facilitates patient access, which translates into an improvement in patient outcomes, time, and material resources. It helps in deciding the number of ICU units required per hospital, emergency service providers, lab supplies, pharmacy supplies, and ventilators needed, as well as to make decisions on logistics and supply.
COVID-19 Related to GIS
As the pandemic evolves, predictive spatial analytics with ArcGIS tools will continue to play a significant role in monitoring the impact of the virus, ranging from locating patient outcomes' to identifying areas of increased disease spread. The global health crisis has only further highlighted the importance of GIS' and spatial analytics in healthcare and could accelerate the use of these tools in standard care going forward.
COVID-19 studies with GIS could be valuable tools in decision-making and, more importantly, social mobilization and community responses. Understanding the spatial-temporal dynamics of COVID-19 is critical to its mitigation, which is why such work is being done in all regions of the world. The future of use of GIS in health and human services is extremely bright. The increasing focus on electronic health records, and the corresponding geographic information contained within them will open many new possibilities for population health analysis and planning. GIS has been found to be an essential technology across a wide variety of health and human services agencies and activities. As we continue to battle this pandemic and prepare for future, understanding the risk and being prepared are the first steps in potential care and treatment planning.
Users can quickly get an overview and check most essential Key Performance Indices (KPIs) and filter by their respective Year, Month, Patient Type, Point of Origin, and Primary Diagnosis. The dashboard provides valuable insights on cases (Positive, Recovered and Death), mortality analysis in depth by Zip Code, City, and selected timeframe. Generally, both cumulative numbers and new cases are provided.
COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China in mid-December 2019, when a group of people developed a pneumonia without clear causes, and existing treatments were found to be ineffective. The coronavirus has similar characteristics to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), with the resulting disease being named COVID-19. Within a number of weeks, several thousand people in Hubei's provincial capital of Wuhan were infected, and the Chinese central government imposed strict containment measures, including a lockdown of Hubei itself.
As the virus spread worldwide, more countries also instilled their own lockdowns and put travel restrictions into place. In response, many nations evacuated their citizens as well as other nationals to transport them home. India was no exception: to control the COVID-19 pandemic in the country, all visas were suspended from 13 March and international flights were suspended nine days later from 22 March. India had started a national lockdown on 25 March, which restricted the movement of people in the country.
Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic:
The Indian diaspora is the largest in the world, with the UN estimating their size at 17.5 million in 2019 The Ministry of External Affairs has higher figures, with the number of Non-resident Indians or NRls (Indian citizens who do not live in the country on a regular-enough basis to pay income tax) alone being over 13 million. In addition, India also has a substantial population of internal migrant workers, with Reuters estimating that there are 100 million such workers.
23 Mar 2020 — Andhra Pradesh has announced complete lockdown till March 31
Conclusion:
The Death analysis shows that both rates of death and hospitalization vary by age and increase with age. Children are least likely to die though infected, with death rates in confirmed cases of less than 1% in newborns to 9-year-olds. Age group 7079 are highly effected and followed by 80-89, 60-69, 50-59 age groups.
With the rapid spread of COVID-19, many hospitals and health systems were faced with the possibility of sudden surges in patient volume, resulting in limited resources and increased burden on staff. To better plan for these potential surges, organizations have implemented predictive tools that can help allocate resources. For the business perspective of the
Healthcare organization, the spatial analysis of the data of COVID-19 helps in decision-making, and planning. It also helps to improve the locations of health services and controls, points of care, and facilitate access, which translates into an improvement in patient outcomes, time, and material resources. It helps in deciding the number of ICU units required hospital, emergency service providers, lab supplies, pharmacy supplies, Ventilators needed and to make decisions of logistics and supply.
As the pandemic continues, predictive spatial analytics with ArcGlS tools will continue to play a significant role in monitoring the impact of the virus, from patient outcomes to areas of increased disease spread. The global health crisis has only further highlighted the importance of GIS and spatial analytics in healthcare and could accelerate the use of these tools in standard care going forward.
COVID-19 studies with GIS could be valuable tools in decision-making and, more importantly, social mobilization and community responses.
Understanding the spatial temporal dynamics of COVID-19 is critical to its mitigation, which is why such work is being done in all regions of the world. The future of increasing use of GIS in health and human services is extremely bright. The increasing focus on electronic health records, and the corresponding geographic information contained within them will open many new possibilities for population health analysis and planning. GIS has been found to be an essential technology in a wide variety of health and human.
Services agencies and activities. As we continue to battle this pandemic and prepare for future, understanding the risk and being prepared is the first step in potential care and treatment planning.
Reference
From the State Govt app and Health & Finance.
